Foreign Direct Investments Is An Essential Part Of...

Literature review Economists believe that Foreign Direct Investments is an essential part of economic evolution in every country. There are many academic papers that attempt to assess FDI aspects. Despite many researchers have tried to give an accurate explanation to FDI, there is no comprehensively approved theory. FDI motivations have been mainly researched by John Dunning, Stephen Hymer, Raymond Vernon, etc. The most important FDI theory until 1990 was The Eclectic Paradigm, which is also called the OLI framework, established by John Dunning during the 1970’s. As stated by him, a firm’s investment decisions critically depend on three essential factors: ownership, location and internalization. Therefore, companies will invest in other†¦show more content†¦Subsequently, Dunning added a new factor besides the other three ones- connection between FDI and the long-term strategy of the firm (Jones, Wren, 2006). On the other hand, John Dunning claimed that there are four types of FDI in terms of their motivations: resource seeking FDI, efficiency seeking FDI, market seeking FDI and strategic asset or capability seeking FDI. According to resource seeking FDI, companies invest in foreign countries with the purpose of acquiring resources of higher standard and at a smaller cost than in their own country. Examples of resources are raw materials, labor force, infrastructure (roads, telecommunication) and technological level (Dunning, 2008). As claimed by market seeking FDI, firms invest in a country with the purpose of supplying goods and services to the host country’s market. It highly depends on market size and products distribution channels. At the same time, efficiency seeking FDI has the aim to exploit greater availability and lower costs of all relevant components from foreign countries. Last, strategic asset seeking FDI is driven by the strategic goals in the long run of foreign fir ms such as encouraging and promoting their worldwide competitiveness or weakening their rivals (Wadhwa, 2011). If we analyse the FDI amount in Romania during 1990-2009, over 50% of it was concentrated in the secondary sector (manufacturing). So investors

Descriptive Essay About Pashtun - 1279 Words

I have a place with Pashtun family. My dad and mom both are Afghan, and their entire age are Pashtun. Pashtun (also spelled Pushtun, Pakhtun, Pashtoon, Pathan) are a people who live in southeastern Afghanistan and the northwestern domain of Pakistan. They are one of the greatest ethnic social occasions in Afghanistan. There is no bona fide written history of the Pashtun in their own specific land. Pashtun are for the most part serene drifters (herders who move sometimes to find brushing land) with a strong tribal affiliation. Each tribe is divided into groups, subclans, and man driven families. My dad and mom both are Afghan, and their entire age are Pashtun. Pashtun have lived for a significant long time among Khorasan and the†¦show more content†¦The whole family shares the cost of having a child away at school. Worldview: My family, and all the more particularly my folks, has had the greatest effect on my perspective right up til the present time. my family imparted in me a significant number of the convictions and qualities that they carried on with their life by. In the sixteen years that I imparted to my family, they showed me incalculable life lessons, the most impactful being that connections and encounters are what shape an existence. the passing of such an essential figure influenced me to acknowledge what a vast effect connections have on life. the relationship that remained ended up noticeably more grounded and more obvious, and the connections that I lost was more valued and treasured. My folks associate with differing gathering of individuals in life, and they urged me a state of mind of acknowledgment and examination towards others. As I have developed, I have connected these states of mind as I experience individuals of various societies. Thinking back on my family life, the recollection s that I recall best are the ones in which they acquainted me with new encounters. They generally educated me concerning their encounters in existence with others. It is a direct result of the exposures to these encounters, and in addition a gratefulness for the estimation of the relationship in my life, that I am appreciative for the perspective that my

Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon Essay Example For Students

Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon Essay After Russia, Canada, China and the United States, Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world. It is the biggest country in South America and takes up almost half of the continents area. Its northern part is called Amazonia, after the Amazon river, which runs through it. This region covers 40% of Brazils surface and extends into many of the surrounding countries. It is mostly covered with dense tropical rain forests and contains an enormous variety of plants and animals. Although rain forests constitute only 7% of the earths land surface, they contain 50% of its living species! (Revkin, 34) Unfortunately, these forests are now being cut down for profit. Some say this is not a major problem and that deforestation provides a source of revenue for people who need it. In reality, deforestation has few advantages all of which are in the short term, it has terrible consequences and its long term effects are devastating, this is why it should be stopped. Since its discovery, 30% of Brazils rain forests have disappeared, and the country is still losing more rain forest each year than any other on the planet. Brazilian forests are burned or felled at the rate of 1800 hectares (about 4500 acres) every hour! (Dwyer 39) Deforestation started hundreds of years ago, but only became a major problem in the second half of this century, when it increased dramatically. It was enhanced by the Brazilian government which started cutting down the forest to construct a vast network of highways in an effort to establish a good transportation system and improve Brazils economy. The government wanted to encourage the countrys development by transporting poor families from overpopulated areas of the country to Amazonia. Many poor people saw emigration into the Amazon as an opportunity to attain a higher standard of living. This finally offered them a chance to own their own land, and take advantage of jobs offered by multinational corporations, petroleum corporations and logging companies. An example of this happened in the late 60s, when a 2160 kilometer road was constructed to join the capital Brasilia with the Amazonian port of Belem. Just a decade after the road was completed, the population in that area had risen from practically nothing to hundreds of thousands! (Anderson 63) The main reasons for deforestation are clearing of the forest for agriculture or building of ranches to raise cattle, commercial logging and timber production, exportation and trade of wood, and local demand for fuel wood. An other cause is the building of massive hydro-electric dams which drain rivers and devastate extremely large portions of forest. These dams are often build by international companies to produce energy which is used in the production of materials such as aluminum. (Ransom) One source of deforestation is what is know as the devastation farming technique. Small farmers cut down the forest in order to create space to plant crops or raise cattle. First they cut down any undergrowth and small trees, thenleave them to dry in the sun and set them on fire. Then they use the space created to plant different kinds of crops such as corn, dry-land rice, brown beans, and manioc. At first, these plantations flourish under the hot sun and heavy rains, but this doesnt last long. The soil of the Amazon is actually one of the most sterile on earth. It is no good for farming. So after a year or two the crops become weaker and weaker, until at about year four they are barely worth the effort. The earth hardens and is washed away by rain, it becomes impossible to cultivate. So the farmers have to move to an other parcel of forest and so on.. .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2 , .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2 .postImageUrl , .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2 , .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2:hover , .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2:visited , .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2:active { border:0!important; } .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2:active , .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2 .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udf689d698e96360a1f21de0040dee8f2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gay Rights Essay Paper. (Larson) Under normal conditions, very few demands are made of the soil. Its protected from the sun by trees, and from rain by a thick carpet of leaves, branches and trunks. The litter is quickly decomposed into inorganic nutrients, which are soon absorbed by the roots of plants. This is very efficient, there is virtually no soil erosion or loss of nutrients. But when the forest is cut, the whole ecosystem collapses. There is no leaf carpet to cover the ground, so .

Travel and tourism free essay sample

This trend is only due to the poor exchange rates, in 2009 the pound (GBP) was very weak against the Euro; the exchange rate was at 1. 1 Euros to ? 1 and this was significant compared to the rates before at 1. 5/1. 4 to ? 1, this hindered peoples spending on attractions, eating establishments, hire cars, transport and hotels, these low exchange rates were affecting behaviour of tourists as they found Europe very expensive, and because of all this there was no investment into services and maintaining the facilities. This had been a popular trend with tourists that like the convenience of going to an airport nearby. The reason the trend is possible is because it is a policy that the government have to expand these regional airports laid out in their aviation white paper. All though, airport enlargement is also controversial due to the consideration of the environment, so change of government might see a change to the policy also the low cost airlines such as Ryan-air and Easy-jet often use the regional airports as it is cheaper, which means that the growth of low cost airlines has contributed to the growth of these sorts of airports. We will write a custom essay sample on Travel and tourism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As people are becoming more confident about traveling and are more used to traveling abroad and seeing different cultures, the are being able to book the component parts of their holidays by themselves rather than having to go to a travel agency, this is more likely to happen on the lower priced holidays, when people are spending a lot of money , for an example on a wedding or on a cruise, they are more likely to seek help and advice from the travel agency. Ever since technology has become cheaper many people have easy ways to access the internet in their house and carry out research into the travel as well  as destinations to make their own bookings an website, like Expedia, who have made their profit off of internet growth by being able to provide the ability to make up holiday packages, selecting the flights and accommodations that they desire. The effect of people booking more independently is that there is all-ways less demand on travel agency services, this has made making a profit harder for the travel agency’s however web-based companies are able to compete easily with the large tour operators. Factors As government and society policy become more ‘green’ the awareness of tourists about environmental issue grows. This leads to a demand for responsible travel and expectation that companies will mostly adopt the environmental friendly policies there is also pressure from governments to reduce the ‘carbon footprint’ of travel, particularly air travel. Airlines in the UK have responded by investing greatly into more fuel efficient, quieter planes another example of the environmental issues is that out of the 109 countries with coral reefs, 90 have suffered damage to the reefs due to cruise ships, harming a resource that will require over 50 years to recover. A example of a environmental issue is BP, the global oil giant responsible for the fast-spreading spill in the Gulf of Mexico that will soon make landfall, is no stranger to major accidents. In fact, the company has found itself at the center of several of the nations worst oil and gasrelated disasters in the last five years. Travel is relatively cheap today, particularly air travel, this is no longer only available to the ‘well off’ the invention of low cost airlines has brought down the cost of travel. The long haul travel prices are more fluid, but there is sometimes deals to be had off peak, air travel is likely to become a lot more expensive if the passenger taxes are introduced Rail travel is also expensive in the UK but booking in advance can result to cheap pricing. An example of increasing prices is in the airlines due to oil and fuel becoming increasingly hard to find these make crude oil worth a mint and this reflects in the prices that airlines have to charge to make a profit with their businesses. The recession in 2008- 2010 has had a massive impact on the travel and tourism sector as when people are out of money spending only on the essentials people havent got money to spend on traveling to other countries this brings down the amount of profit the airlines are getting, this leads to bankruptcy of smaller airlines and loss of jobs so that the recession starts getting worse and worse meaning that companies find it increasingly difficult to stay in the black, for example SKY Europe, a low cost airline operating in eastern Europe had to declare bankruptcy after being forced out of business due to financial problems caused by recession, as economy pulls itself back on track.